April
7, 2023
Saudi
Arabia and Iran have agreed to follow up on arrangements to reopen their
diplomatic missions to Tehran and Riyadh respectively and to discuss resuming
flights between them.
The
agreement came as Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud and
his Iranian counterpart, Hossein Amir-Abdollahian, shook hands in the Chinese
capital, Beijing, on Friday in the first formal meeting of the two senior
officials after a years-long rift between Tehran and Riyadh that fuelled
instability in the region.
The
two powers had agreed on March 10 to restore ties in a landmark agreement
brokered by China. But the two leading Shia and Sunni Muslim powers in the
Middle East were at odds for years, backing opposite sides in proxy wars in
several countries across the region.
Syria
The
rivals squared off after the Syrian war erupted in 2011. Iran backed Syrian
President Bashar al-Assad and provided him with military forces and money to
battle rebel groups, while Saudi Arabia backed opposition forces fighting to
overthrow al-Assad.
As
Iran’s support helped al-Assad turn the tide, Saudi backing for the armed and
political opposition has waned, and there are now talks between Saudi Arabia
and Syria to restore ties.
The
Saudi-Iranian deal comes as Arab isolation of al-Assad is thawing. Saudi has
said more engagement could even lead to Syria’s return to the Arab League.
Israel,
which wants to normalise relations with Saudi, regularly strikes pro-Iranian
military targets in Syria.
Lebanon
The
rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia has had a detrimental effect on the
stability of Lebanon, a small Mediterranean country whose ruling elite have
long been aligned with foreign powers to maintain influence.
Relations
between Lebanon and Saudi Arabia – which had backed Lebanon’s Sunni prime
ministers for years – became especially strained following the 2016 election of
Lebanese President Michel Aoun, who is allied with Iran-backed Hezbollah.
In
November 2017, Lebanon’s Prime Minister Saad Hariri resigned unexpectedly while
he was in the Saudi capital Riyadh. Hariri blamed interference in Lebanon by
Iran and its Lebanese ally, the Hezbollah movement, for his decision to resign,
adding that he feared an assassination attempt.
Although
Hariri later withdrew his resignation, the move plunged Lebanon into a
political crisis seen as part of a Saudi effort to counteract Iran’s influence
in the country.
Riyadh,
which once invested billions of dollars into the country and bolstered its
luxury tourism economy, held off its support as Lebanon spiralled economically.
Last
year, the leader of Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, accused Saudi Arabia’s King
Salman of “terrorism”, in the midst of one of the deepest political crises
between Gulf Arab states and Lebanon. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia called on Lebanon
to end “terrorist Hezbollah’s” influence over the state.
Iraq
Iranian
influence was previously kept out of Iraq by its former president, Saddam
Hussein, who fought an eight-year war with the Islamic Republic.
But
Iran has emerged as the most influential regional actor in 21st-century Iraq,
filling a vacuum since the fall of Saddam’s regime in 2003.
A
number of Iraqi political parties have ties and receive funds from Iran, and
some of the politicians who have led Iraq in the post-Saddam era spent time in
exile in Iran.
Iran
has also funded and trained paramilitary groups aligned with Shia political
parties, some of which operate as part of the Popular Mobilisation Forces,
which was established to fight ISIL (ISIS), but continues to enjoy a strong position
in the country.
Yet
opposition to Iran is growing in Iraq, which has opened a potential pathway for
Saudi Arabian influence, particularly as Baghdad attempts to reintegrate itself
more with its Arab neighbours.
Yemen
In
March 2015, a Saudi-led coalition – backed by the United States – intervened
militarily in Yemen in a bid to fight the Houthis, restore President Abd-Rabbu
Mansour Hadi’s government, and reverse what they said was growing Iranian
influence in the region.
The
Iran-backed Houthi movement of mostly Zaidi Shia Muslims from northern Yemen
opposed Hadi’s government. It made international headlines after seizing areas
of northern Yemen in early 2014. It later moved southwards to seize the capital
Sanaa, eventually forcing Hadi to flee his presidential palace in Aden for
Saudi Arabia.
Amid
the instability, several other armed groups have grown stronger, including
al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), the UAE-backed separatist Southern
Transitional Council (STC), and others.
The
Saudi-led coalition has carried out more than 24,000 air raids since 2015,
according to data collected by the Yemen Data Project. On the other hand,
Iran-backed Houthi rebels have targeted strategic infrastructure across Saudi
Arabia, including airports, gas fields and oil tankers in the Red Sea.
Years
of United Nations-brokered peace talks have failed to break the deadlock. By
2022, 14.5 million of the country’s 30 million people lacked sufficient food,
according to the World Food Programme. Nearly half of the country’s children
under five face chronic malnutrition. In addition, at least four million people
have been displaced by the seven years of war.
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