Martin Luther King Jr.

In 1960s, when there was a large upheaval in the United States against the governments' atrocities within the country, and its expansionist policies outside of its boarders, four major political assassinations returned the government back to the hands of the "Hidden State". Since the presidency of McKinley, when in pretense of helping four islands to become independent of Spain US entered the war, and after kicking Spanish out, Philippines, Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico were attached as subjects of the US government, a policy that continued by the next president Theodore Roosevelt to this day turned US foreign policy into a colonizing power. Four people who were against such policies and had a large followings, were John Kennedy assassinated on November 22, 1963, Malcolm X on February 25, 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968, and Robert Kennedy assassinated on June 5, 1968. All of these assassinations happened during the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson and FBI Director J Edgar Hoover. There are numerous books on the subject of a conspiracy between Johnson, a friend of Texas oil barons and connected to the mobs, and Hoover, another friend of Texas oil barons and the mobs, a triangle of the president, the CIA, and the FBI. A book by Dr. William Pepper titled "The Plot to Kill King" not only discloses who was behind the assassination of  King, it also briefly touches upon the connection to JFK assassination. A two part investigative film on Youtube also arrives to the same conclusion. The first part of the film is linked below, and the second part starts on Youtube right after. Below the link, beginning of Dr. Pepper's fascinating book is also copied here. 

The day before Deraa: How the war broke out in Syria

BY Steven Sahiounie
https://ahtribune.com/world/north-africa-south-west-asia/syria-crisis/1135-day-before-deraa.html

The day before September 11, 2001 was like any normal day in New York City.  September 10, 2001 was unaware of the earthshaking events which would happen the next day.

Similarly, one might think the day before the violence broke out in Deraa, Syria in March 2011 would have been an uneventful day, unaware of the uprising about to begin. 

But, that was not the case.  Deraa was teaming with activity and foreign visitors to Syria well before the staged uprising began its opening act.

Text of Putin's Speech

Source: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/56957

President of Russia Vladimir Putin: Citizens of Russia, members of the Federation Council and State Duma,

Today’s Address is a very special landmark event, just as the times we are living in, when the choices we make and every step we take are set to shape the future of our country for decades to come.

MSNBC: Stop censoring U.S.-assisted carnage in Yemen

Source: https://act.rootsaction.org/p/dia/action4/common/public/?action_KEY=13204&tag=RA180114&track=RA180114

An analysis by Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) has found that the purportedly liberal cable network MSNBC did not run a single segment devoted specifically to the humanitarian catastrophe in Yemen in the second half of 2017, even though – or perhaps because – the U.S. government has played a key role in creating the catastrophe. During this period MSNBC ran nearly 5,000 percent more segments that mentioned Russia than segments that mentioned Yemen.
In all of 2017, MSNBC only aired one broadcast on the U.S.-assisted Saudi airstrikes that have killed thousands of Yemeni civilians. And it never mentioned Yemen’s cholera epidemic, which infected more than 1 million Yemenis in the largest outbreak in recorded history, a direct result of the U.S.-assisted Saudi/UAE war and blockade.[1]

Tillerson’s open-ended Syria war proves US is stuck in Mideast quicksand

By: Stephen Kinser
1/24/2018
Source: https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6578073269238700358#editor/target=post;postID=2220879227933611649

 

 

When Secretary of State Rex Tillerson announced last week that American troops would remain in Syria indefinitely, he sounded much like the legendary nation-grabber Theodore Roosevelt.

“We have hoisted our flag, and it is not fashioned of the stuff which can be quickly hauled down,” Roosevelt declared during debate over the Philippine War more than a century ago. “There must be control! There must be mastery!”

No one imagines that the 2,000 American soldiers now in Syria — or even a much larger force — can bring either mastery or control. Yet Tillerson’s announcement made clear that Syria is becoming a new front in the “long war” that the United States seems determined to fight in the Middle East. This commits our blood and treasure to a project that serves no vital American interest. On the contrary, our extended involvement in the Syrian civil war will promote instability, feed radicalism, divide NATO, and expose American troops to deadly attack. Since Congress has not approved our entry into this war, it may also be illegal.

Robert Parry’s Legacy and the Future of Consortiumnews

January 28, 2018

The is an article for the Late Robert Parry who died two days ago, written by his son. It is a brief history of the newspaper (semi-obituary semi-historical), which at the same time reflects complacency of Khomeini in Regan’s election, Iran-Contra, and Contra-Cocaine scandals.
Source: https://consortiumnews.com/2018/01/28/robert-parrys-legacy-and-the-future-of-consortiumnews/



Those Who Value Science کسانی‌ که برای علوم ارزش قائلند

For many who value science, 2017 will be remembered as the dawn of a new era. January saw the inauguration of Donald Trump, a president who has denied climate change and filled his inner circle with anti-science activists. But the year was as much an awakening as an annus horribilis: Researchers and citizens alike, in the U.S. and beyond, chose to speak out at rallies, on social media and even in the political arena — unprecedented numbers of scientists are considering a run for office. In a year of surprises, setbacks and signs of hope, here are some of the most memorable and consequential moments from just the first several months of the Trump administration:

برای کسانی‌ که برای علوم ارزش قائلند، سال ۲۰۱۷ به عنوان آغاز یک فصل جدید در خاطره‌ها خواهد ماند. در آغاز این سال، دانالد ترامپ به عنوان رئیس جمهور آغاز به کار کرد، رئیس جمهوری که نه تنها خود نگون بختی و تلاشیِ محیط زیست را به سخره می‌گیرد، بلکه کابینهٔ خود را مملوّ از علم ستیزان‌ و منکرینِ تغییرات اقلیمی کرده است. ولی‌ این سال آنچنان “سال مهیبی” بود که: محققین و شهروندان در آمریکا و سایر نقاط بر آن شدند که به تظاهرات بپردازند؛ و در رسانه‌های جمعی‌ و حتی در صحنه سیاسی- تعداد غیر قابل تصوری از دانشمندان تصمیم به فعالیتهای سیاسی گرفتند. در این سالِ بسیار شگفتی آور، لحظه‌های خاطره‌انگیزِ بارقه‌های امید و از آنطرف یأس، در چند ماه اول ریاست جمهوری ترامپ از این قرار بودند:

خدای مهربان

از زمانی‌  که آقای مومنی بخاطر می‌آورد در شرکتی مشغول به کار بوده است. این البته انتخاب او نبود و قریب به اتفاق اشخاصی‌ که در آن ناحیه زندگی‌ میکردند در آن شرکت یا اداره بکار اشتغال داشتند. او هم مانند بقیه به انجام امور مربوط به خودش اشتغال داشت. ولی‌ گاهی که خوب می‌اندیشید به شک می‌افتاد، چرا که فعالیتهای شرکتش کمی‌ مشکوک به نظرش میرسیدند. این تردید در او زمانی‌ تشدید می‌یافت که دستورات غیر متعارف رئیسِ مستقیمش را دریافت میکرد. علاوه بر فعالیتهای روزمره، رئیس ایشان گاهی از او می‌خواست که کارهای عجیبی‌ انجام دهد که از روال کارهای عادیِ مربوط به او خارج بود. مثلا او میبایست که روزی چند بار نرمش کند و دولا و راست شود، در حالیکه جملاتی به عربی‌ به زبان میاورد. یا اینکه به او دستور داده میشد که برای مدتی‌ از خوردن خودداری کند و روزه بگیرد. زمانی‌ رئیسش از او خواست که جملات نامفهومی را از حفظ کند. هر بار که او محترمانه اعتراض کرد که این اعمال از امور روزمره خارج بود، رئیسش توضیح داد که اینها خواسته‌های رئیس کل بودند و او (یعنی‌ رئیس مستقیم آقای مومنی) فقط رابط و یا واسطه‌ای بین کارمندان و مدیر کل بود. البته به او هیچوقت اجازه داده نشده بود که این رئیس کل را ملاقات کند، و می‌گویند فقط پس از بازنشستگی میتوانست او را ببیند! هفته‌ای یکبار هم باید به سخنرانی‌ فردی میرفتند که داستان‌های مضحکی را نقل میکرد و در مورد آداب زناشوئی و سایر مسائل شخصی‌ سخنرانی‌ میکرد، که این وقت تلف کردن برای او بسیار ناگوار میامد. آقای مومنی که از این درخواستها (و یا دستورات) و جلسات مذبوحانه خسته شده بود، پس از دوندگی فراوان و به مخاطره انداختن موقعیت شغلی‌ و حتی خودِ شغلش، درخواست انتقال به دائره دیگری را داد، که چنانکه به او گفته بودند، سرپرست معقولتری داشت. جالب این بود که سرپرستان هیچکدام یکدیگر را قبول نداشتند، و حتی برخی از آنان عنوان میکردند که سرپرستِ قسمتِ دیگر واسطهٔ بین کارمندان و مدیر کل نبود و دروغ میگفت. کارمندانِ این بخشِ جدیدی که او به آن منتقل شده بود اجبار نداشتند که فعالیتهای احمقانهٔ کارمندان دائرهٔ پیشین را انجام دهند، و حتی آن جملات نامفهوم را ترجمه کرده بودند که تماما ستایش و تعاریف از مدیر کل بود. ولی‌ در اینجا هم مشکلاتی بود و علاوه بر کارهای روزمره، فعالیتهای عجیب و غریب دیگری از او خواسته میشد که انجام دهد.  به عنوان مثال، کارمندان بایستی هر هفته به یک سخنرانی‌ میرفتند که سخنران مانند سخنران دائره پیشین، داستان‌های بچه‌گانه‌ای را میگفت و از مدیر کل و اطرافیان او تعریف و تمجید، و سخنان بی‌ارزش دیگری را عنوان میکرد. نه تنها در مورد مدیر کل، بلکه در مورد همسر و فرزند مدیر کل هم سخنرانی‌ میشد، و کارهای نا معقولی به آنها نسبت داده میشد. البته در پایان، مراسم خاصی‌ نیز همراه با موسیقی و آوازِ کارمندان داوطلب انجام میگرفت. آقای مومنی به قسمتهای دیگر اداره رفت و پس از گفتگو با کارمندان آن دوایر و تحقیق متوجه شد که کل آن سازمان در جهت تحمیق کارمندان، و در نتیجه، استثمار آنان بود. پس از اینکه آقای مومنی دریافت که تمام دوایر و قسمتهای اداره به همان نحو سرپرستی میشدند، و اکثر سرپرستان ادعا میکردند که نماینده مدیر کل بودند، تصمیم گرفت که استعفا دهد و به کار آزاد بپردازد. در اینصورت دیگر رئیسی نداشت که از او بخواهد که اعمال غیر عقلائی و احمقانه انجام دهد، و اصولا مدیر کلی‌ هم نداشت. نام خود را هم از مومنی به آزاد تغییر داد، تا بیشتر نمودار شغلش و عقایدش باشد.

صف‌آرایی ناگزیر طبقاتی

گفتگوی محمد مالجو با اعتماد درباره ی اعتراضات دی ماه 

http://www.akhbar-rooz.com/article.jsp?essayId=84171

 

 • آنچه اتفاق افتاد فقط محصول عملکرد دولت‌های یازدهم و دوازدهم نیست، اما دولت فعلی از این حیث شاخص است که تمام خطاهایی را که دولت‌های قبلی جداجدا انجام می‌دادند در خود متراکم و انباشته کرده است و به این اعتبار، دولت‌های یازدهم و دوازدهم هم در نوع جهت‌گیری اقتصادی‌شان و هم در نوع سوگیری سیاسی‌شان اصولا نقش فراوانی در بروز ناآرامی‌ها داشته‌اند ...

Iran: Release Detainees, Uphold Citizens’ Fundamental Freedoms

Source: https://freedomhouse.org/article/iran-release-detainees-uphold-citizens-fundamental-freedoms

Washington

January 9, 2018

In response to Iranian authorities’ detention of more than 2,000 demonstrators in the protests that began December 28 against government corruption and other economic and political issues, Freedom House issued the following statement:

“Iranian authorities should release the detainees, who were exercising their rights to freely assemble and express themselves,” said Dokhi Fassihian, senior program manager for Middle East and North Africa programs at Freedom House. “The deaths of at least three protestors while in custody raise urgent concerns about the treatment of detainees at the hands of security forces. Denying the Iranian people their fundamental freedoms and political rights is what started this crisis. Repression will not solve it.” 

Iran is rated Not Free in Freedom in the World 2017, Not Free in Freedom of the Press 2017, and Not Free in Freedom on the Net 2017.

Freedom House is an independent watchdog organization that supports democratic change, monitors the status of freedom around the world, and advocates for democracy and human rights.

بیانیه ی گروهی از فعالان چپ ایران به مردم شریف و آزاده‌ی ایران

بیانیه ی گروهی از فعالان چپ ایران به مردم شریف و آزاده‌ی ایران

Source: http://www.akhbar-rooz.com/article.jsp?essayId=84102

• تعدادی از فعالین چپ ایران با انتشار اعلامیه ای از مبارزات مردم حمایت و سرکوب اعتراضات آن ها توسط حکومت را محکوم کرده اند ...

اخبار روز: www.akhbar-rooz.com 

يکشنبه  ۱۷ دی ۱٣۹۶ -  ۷ ژانويه ۲۰۱٨ 

مردم شریف و آزاده‌ی ایران

ده روز از خیزش سراسری شما در شهرهای کوچک و بزرگ ایران می‌گذرد که حاصل آن تاکنون ده‌ها کشته و صدها دستگیری و شمار زیادی مجروح بوده است. در این شرایط ما امضاکنندگان این نامه وظیفه¬ی خود می‌دانیم که همدلی خود را با شما ابراز کنیم.

دکتر ابراهیم باستانی پاریزی

یکی‌ از نویسندگان پر توان ایران که حدود ۷۰  کتاب نوشته و در ادبیاتِ تحقیقی فعالیتهای بسیاری کرده و زبان شیرینی‌ در نوشته‌هایش داشت، دکتر ابراهیم باستانی پاریزی بود. او که سه سال و نیم پیش به دلیل بیماری کبد در سن ۸۸ سالگی بدرود حیات گفت، تا آخرین لحظه عمر به خواندن و نوشتن اشتغال داشت. اطلاعات تاریخی‌ خود را به زبانی ساده و همراه با امثال و سخنان طنز آمیزی عنوان میکرد که خواندن وقایع خشک تاریخی‌ را بسیار جذاب مینمود. زیرنگاشت‌هایی که در کتابهایش میاورد به دلیل طول آنها، که گاهی چند صفحه را در بر میگرفتند، بسیار مشهور بودند.

What The Tax "Reform" Means To Us All

The Deep State Hiding in Plain Sight

By Bill Moyers and Mike Lofgren
Posted December 07, 2017
Source: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/48374.htm

Rome lived upon its principal till ruin stared it in the face. Industry is the only true source of wealth, and there was no industry in Rome. By day the Ostia road was crowded with carts and muleteers, carrying to the great city the silks and spices of the East, the marble of Asia Minor, the timber of the Atlas, the grain of Africa and Egypt; and the carts brought out nothing but loads of dung. That was their return cargo.

— The Martyrdom of Man by Winwood Reade (1871)

There is the visible government situated around the Mall in Washington, and then there is another, more shadowy, more indefinable government that is not explained in Civics 101 or observable to tourists at the White House or the Capitol. The former is traditional Washington partisan politics: the tip of the iceberg that a public watching C-SPAN sees daily and which is theoretically controllable via elections. The subsurface part of the iceberg I shall call the Deep State, which operates according to its own compass heading regardless of who is formally in power. [1]

احمدزاده و حکایتی که آن شب گفت تا مکتوب شود

Source: http://www.akhbar-rooz.com/article.jsp?essayId=83387

«شبا گریه کُنوم، روزا بخندُوم/که تا دشمن ندونه سرِ دردُم»
احمدزاده و حکایتی که آن شب گفت تا مکتوب شود

 فرج سرکوهی 

اخبار روز: www.akhbar-rooz.com
آدينه  ۱۰ آذر ۱٣۹۶ -  ۱ دسامبر ۲۰۱۷

و این حکایت که احمدزاده گفت و من این جا مکتوب می کنم تا ابدآلاباد بر سینه تاریخ ها بماند. ...آن شب جمله بافته شده از کلمات از کتاب درآمده بود. «جسم» شده بود. در قامت میهمان در خانه ما در تهران رو به روی من و فریده نشسته بود و بی آن که بپرسیم و بخواهیم از جهنمی می گفت که در زندان، به فرمان مستقیم امام راحل، بر او آوار کرده بودند ...

آن شب در خانه ما در نگاه او چیزی بی نام کم بود هرچند همان پیکر و همان چهره بود که در زندان های قصر و عادل آباد شیراز دیده بودم اما نگاه چیزی کم داشت که شاید بعدتر، و به تدریج، به چشم های او بازگشت. نمی دانم. دیگر او را ندیدم. در آن شب که میهمان ما بود، هم من و هم فریده که اول بار او را می دید، می دیدیم که چیزی بی نام در نگاه او غائب است. چیزی از جنس سکوتی که سخن می گوید، چیزی از جنس سپیدی که بیش از نوشته حرف می زند. غیبتی که از حضور قاطع تر است. 

Option انتخاب

There are certain natural resources or properties which are privately owned, such as land and forest, and sometimes streams and beaches.  From the earliest time written history is found, people have claimed such properties as their belongings, and have fought over those belongings with their neighbors. Same people got together and established an organization to protect their group property against others while eyeing their properties, and called that organization a government. Then, governments fought with each other in order to acquire properties each claimed to be theirs. In the meantime, if some crafts or products were made by any, such as household utensils and weapons, the victor in the war would have attained those as well, all of which became the property of the winner of the war. Therefore, private property started from the time one claimed a piece of nature as his (or most probably hers), and fought to keep it for himself, or herself. Anything else that the person added to the property, such as buildings and farming materials, became a part of that private property and subject to ownership. Consequently, wars are merely an aggression to annex, or for invasion of someone else’s property. After a while, it was realized that animals, and then other people could be forced to become properties as well, which continues to this day in a different shape and form. That is the time slavery, meaning owning someone else’s labor, was discovered. There have been various social and political forms that controlled and regulated private property (specially human as a property), beginning with bourgeoisie, feudalism, and ending with capitalism at its present form of monopoly, which exists in many Western countries.

بسیاری از منابع طبیعی به مالکیت خصوصی تبدیل شده‌اند، مانند زمین و جنگل. از زمانی‌ که تاریخ مُدَوّن یافت شده است، منابع طبیعی تحت مالکیت اشخاص قرار گرفته‌اند، و همیشه جنگ با همسایگان بر سر این املاک بوده است. گروهی با یکدیگر جمع شدند و سازمانی را به وجود آوردند که بتوانند بصورت جمعی‌ از مالکیت شخصی‌ خود دفاع، و اموال همسایگان را تحت سلطه خود قرار دهند؛ و نام این سازمان را دولت گذاشتند. سپس دولتها بر سر آن املاک شروع به جنگ کردند. در این حین، اگر محصولی نیز توسط اشخاص تولید شده بود، مانند صنایع دستی‌ و یا جنگی، آن محصول نیز توسط برندهٔ جنگ تصاحب میشد. بالانتیجه مالکیت خصوصی از زمانی‌ آغازید که شخصی‌ قسمی از منابع طبیعی را از آنِ خود دانست. هر آنچه که توسط شخص به وجود آمده بود، مانند ساختمان و وسائل کشاورزی نیز قسمی از مالکیت خصوصی به حساب آمد. بنابر این جنگها صرفا به منظور تحت تسلط گرفتن مالکیت خصوصیِ دیگران شعله‌ور گردیدند. پس از مدتی‌، انسانها به این نتیجه رسیدند که می‌توانستند با نیروهای زور، فشار، و اختناق حیوانات، و سپس انسانهای دیگر را نیز تبدیل به اموال کنند، که به صورتهای مختلف همچنان ادامه دارد. برای آنکه به مالکیت خصوصی نظمی بخشیده شود و بهتر بتوان آنرا بطور سیستماتیک مورد استفاده قرار داد (بخصوص مالکیت اشخاص)، روشهای اجتماعیِ مختلفی‌ از جمله بورژوازی، فئودالی، و سرمایه‌داری، ابداع شدند، که هم اکنون سرمایداریِ انحصاری در بسیاری از کشورهای غربی وجود دارد.

Lonliness: Testimony before the US Senate Aging Committee

Testimony before the US Senate Aging Committee

Thursday, April 27, 2017

Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Ph.D.

Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience

Brigham Young University

1024 SWKT

Provo, UT 84602

801-422-1324

julianne.holt-lunstad@byu.edu https://socialhealth.byu.edu

INTRODUCTION

Thank you, Chairman Collins, Senator Casey, and members of the committee for your interest in social isolation and loneliness and for the opportunity to present testimony today. My name is Julianne Holt-Lunstad, and I am a professor of psychology and neuroscience at Brigham Young University. My research focuses on the influence of our social relationships on physical health outcomes. In my remarks, today, I’ll talk about the public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness, including data on prevalence rates, health and mortality risk, and potential risk factors.

Alfred Hitchcock

Alfred Hitchcock

One of the most celebrated innovations of the twentieth century was the art of movie making. It was properly named the 7^th art, which continues to this day in its original form and variations, whether on the wide screen or on a computer, television, or even on a cell phone monitor. Acting is an old profession, but having it accessible and watching it whenever or wherever one desires is what movie, film, and clip technology have brought to us. A movie director is the brain behind the film. Checking the history of movie making from the beginning, we don’t know the first director, as it started in several countries and spread out to the rest of the world rapidly. However, we know of famous movie directors at the time that a motion picture was in its infancy. The most known movie directors of all times are those who pioneered many of the movie making standards, such as D.W. Griffith and Fritz Lang. Many of the techniques of cinema and the art of movie making were as a result of innovations by these two, and some other internationally known movie makers of the time such as Sergei Eisenstein of Russia, Lumières brothers of France (who invented the art) and Alfred Hitchcock of England, to name a few. However, Hollywood’s fame is indebted to some early movie makers, such as Fritz Lang who started in Germany, and the British born genius Charlie Chaplin, whose films still bring smile to viewers’ lips. However, when one speaks of suspense in movies, the name that comes to mind is Hitchcock.

Hariri’s Resignation as Prime Minister of Lebanon is Not All it Seems

Source: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/48177.htm

November 10, 2017

He certainly did not anticipate what happened to him. Indeed, Hariri had scheduled meetings in Beirut on the following Monday – with the IMF, the World Bank and a series of discussions on water quality improvement; not exactly the action of a man who planned to resign his premiership

Trump and Democrats Misread Mandates

Source: https://consortiumnews.com/2017/11/08/trump-and-democrats-misread-mandates/

November 8, 2017

Exclusive: Neither the Democrats nor President Trump learned the right lessons from the 2016 election, leaving the nation divided at home and bogged down in wars abroad, writes Robert Parry.

By Robert Parry

One year ago, the American electorate delivered a confused but shocking result, the election of Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton, a quirky outcome in the Electoral College that put Trump in the White House even though Clinton got three million more votes nationally. But neither party appears to have absorbed the right lessons from that surprise ending.

he Democrats might have taken away from their defeat the warning that they had forgotten how to speak to the white working class, which had suffered from job losses via “free trade” and felt willfully neglected as Democrats looked toward the “browning of America.”

The choice of Clinton had compounded this problem because she came across as elitist and uncaring toward this still important voting bloc with her memorable description of half of Trump’s voters as “deplorables,” an insult that stung many lower-income whites and helped deliver Pennsylvania, Michigan and Wisconsin to Trump.

For more than a decade, some Democratic strategists had promoted the notion that “demography is destiny,” i.e., that the relative growth of Latino, Asian and African-American populations in comparison to whites would ensure a future Democratic majority. That prediction seemed to have been validated by Barack Obama’s winning coalition in 2008 and 2012, but it also had the predictable effect of alienating many whites who felt disrespected and resentful.

So, while the Democrats and Clinton looked to a multicultural future, Trump used his experience in reality TV to communicate with this overlooked demographic group. Trump sold himself as a populist and treated the white working class with respect. He spoke to their fears about economic decline and gave voice to their grievances. He vowed to put “America First” and pull back from foreign military adventures that often used working-class kids as cannon fodder.

But much of Trump’s message, like the real-estate mogul himself, was phony. He really didn’t have policies that would address the needs of working-class Americans. Still, his promises of a massive infrastructure plan, good health-care for all, and rejection of unfair trade deals rang the right bells with enough voters to flip some traditionally Democratic blue-collar states to Republican red.