جلبک یا
خزه دریائی مانند سایر گیاهان از طریق فوتوسنتز اکسیژن تولید میکند، و تشابه جلبک
با سایر گیاهان تقریبا در همین جا آغاز و در همین جا نیز پایان میابد. به عنوان نمونه،
خزهها نه مانند سایر گیاهان ریشه دارند و نه برگ. طول یک جلبک میتواند به سی متر
برسد. از آنطرف انواع جلبکهای میکروسکوپی وجود دارند که به آنها سایانوباکتریا،
و یا خزه آبی-سبز میگویند. این میکربها میتوانند در محیطهای بسیار متنوعی رشد کنند و دوام بیاورند. به عنوان مثال آنها ممکن است در چشمههای جوشان، در صحراهای خشک، زیر صخرهها، و یا حتی زیر یخهای قطبی یافت شوند. خوردن این جلبکهای میکروسکوپی زیانآور است و میتواند انسان و یا حیوان را بیمار سازد. ولی یک نوع آن که سوپرفود سپیرولینا نامیده میشود، نه تنها زیانی ندارد بلکه با داشتن پروتئین، ویتامین، املاح معدنی،
و اسیدهای چربیزای موثر، میتواند بسیار مفید نیز باشد. مردم بومی "چاد"
که به آنها "کانمبو" میگویند از سالهای ۱۹۴۰ به برداشت سپیرولینا اشتغال
داشتهاند گرچه اخیرا در غرب این ماده برای تنظیم سلامتی بدن کشف شده است. حتی پیش
از آن، "آزتکهای" جنوب آمریکا که اکنون "مکزیک" است، از رود "تکسککو"
(که البته در زمان دولتهای استعماری خشک شد) آنرا استخراج و مصرف میکردند.
اندیشمند بزرگترین احساسش عشق است و هر عملش با خرد
Tuesday, July 16, 2019
Sunday, July 7, 2019
Born on the 5th of July
July 5, 2019
By: Rob Urie
The unifying factor behind environmental decline, an extractive health
care system, mind-numbing work for poverty wages, perpetual wars and
increasingly intrusive and assertive commercial relations, is capitalism. Of
course, the term is an abstraction, shorthand for a belief system used to
explain and organize social relations. Its history is of brutality, pillage and
genocide explained by its perpetrators as laying the ground for some imagined
future civility.
Tuesday, July 2, 2019
Sunday, May 26, 2019
Foot- پا
By: Gemma Tarlach- Discover
Magazine
When Apollo 11 touched down on the moon, could Neil Armstrong have
made a “giant leap” if we’d never evolved feet? “One small slither for man”
just doesn’t have the same ring to it. In truth, our feet have enabled one of
our most impressive, ah, feats. With its big heel bone, short toes and long,
still arch, the human foot is a defining trail of our genus because it enabled
efficient bipedalism: locomotion on two legs. Being bipedal made humans great
long-distance walkers and runners while freeing our upper limbs to make and use
tools, including weapons. You could say it was a giant leap on the way to
becoming Earth’s dominant animals, for better or worse.
Sunday, May 12, 2019
Saturday, May 11, 2019
Where we go from here
Where we go from here, is Bernie Sanders’ recent book. For those
who know him and follow his campaign he is not offering any new ideas in his
book. Generally, he has about ten vey different and important items in his
agenda which he evaluates in various shapes and forms. It is hard to believe
candidates promises any longer since we have experienced every candidate
promising his or her way into the White House, and as soon as the election is
secured, leaves people behind. This has been experienced with both parties, and
of course both Democrat and Republican parties are so strong and entrenched
into American politics that it is almost impossible for any other party to move
up close to them. For instance, we had Obama, the most intelligent persons to occupy
the house in comparison to his successor, and who was considered different from
very beginning, because of his race. He stupefied people, making liberals
believe that he was one of them and from a different crowd. This was proven
wrong, as his imperialistic agenda was stronger than any of his predecessors.
Of course, it is dangerous to enter the race and win with the support of
millionaires and then turn back on them, as they have the means which would
destroy anyone fantasizing such idea. Would Jill Stein receive the same
enthusiastic followers as Sanders if she ran on Democratic ticket instead of
Green; we would not know? One point that keeps Sanders away from other
candidates in this regard is that he does not accept large contributions. His
past stands on issues would of course be another indication that he does not
follow status quo. This point definitely contributes to his popularity and that
may make it hard for the establishment to do to him again, what they did in
2016. Many of his views however are very much like the status quo, regarding
Russia and Korea and China, and with all his criticisms about the system, he
believes in Western Democracy. Considering that he has taken
wrong stance in many issues, one has to be careful not to mistake him with
someone from the left of political spectrum, no matter that he calls himself a
socialist. All said, his book is valuable to read as he expands on his ideas and describes each one in detail.
Tuesday, April 23, 2019
واژهها
با یک بررسی کلی در واژهها شاید بتوان به ماهیت و زمان پیدایش جستاری
از پدیدهها پی برد. به عنوان مثال، همین “واژه” را
در نظر بگیرید. آیا میتوان به زمان آغاز و افول آن پی برد و آنرا زنده کرد؟ آیا “لغت” همان مفهوم واژه را دارد؟ پرسش دیگر
اینکه از چه زمانی واژههایی را که میشناسیم متداول شدند؟ زبانشناسان معتقدند که گویش با ادای اصوات آغاز و پس
از قرنها به شکل امروزی خود درآمدهاند. یکی از عوامل تغییر، البته هجوم اقوام و ملیتها بر ملیت خاصی، و تبدیل زبان آن ملیت به زبان مهاجم است. زمانی که اعراب به ایران
حمله کردند، زبان ایرانیان را نیز تغییر دادند. در طول تاریخ تلاشهای بسیاری شده که
زبان پارسی احیا شود. در زمان رضا شاه، گروهی از ایران دوستان، که از آن میان میتوان
از هدایت و نیما نام برد، به این امر پرداختند. آنها سازمانی به نام فرهنگستان به وجود
آوردند. هدایت جزوهای تحت عنوان فرهنگ و فرهنگستان نوشته است که به این موضوع میپردازد
و نمونههائی از واژههای ساخته شده این سازمان را میآورد، مثلا روزنامه به جای جریده و وزارتخانه به جای دارالوزرا و ساختمان به جای عمارت و آفتابه به جای
لولهنگ!
Saturday, April 6, 2019
Tuesday, April 2, 2019
What is Fascism?
A lesson in Fascism, as it is in the corner of nations, or in the plain sight of many countries, with Richard Wolff:
Monday, March 25, 2019
Tuesday, March 12, 2019
Trump’s 2020 budget proposal seriously cuts the nation’s safety net
Link: https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18259789/trumps-2020-budget-proposal-cuts
By Tara Golshan
By Tara Golshan
President Donald
Trump’s administration unveiled its third budget proposal Monday, cementing a
vision for the United States that bolsters funding for defense and border
walls, while severely cutting social programs for the nation’s poorest.
The $4.7 trillion
budget proposal, which encompasses everything from funding for food aid,
education, and health care to national defense, seeks to slash $845
billion from Medicare — a program Trump notably promised to leave untouched —
cut from Medicaid through major structural reforms, as well as a 9 percent cut
across non-defense programs, all while increasing the defense budget to $750
billion, 5 percent more than the 2019 budget.
Is War With Iran on the Horizon?
By Bob Dreyfuss
Here’s the foreign policy question of questions in 2019:
Are President Donald Trump, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and
Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, all severely weakened at home and with
few allies abroad, reckless enough to set off a war with Iran?
Could military actions designed to be limited — say, a
heightening of the Israeli bombing of Iranian forces inside Syria, or possible
U.S. cross-border attacks from Iraq, or a clash between American and Iranian
naval ships in the Persian Gulf — trigger a wider war?
Friday, March 1, 2019
کاوُشهای ستارهای
تحقیقات جدید
نشان میدهند که جریان نامنظم مواد در درون خورشید میتوانند دلیل لکههای خوشهای
باشند که بطور تصادفی در سطح خورشید دیده میشوند. به منظور مطالعهٔ گستردهتر در مورد
خورشید، سازمان ناسا(1) در ۱۲ اوت سفینه
"پارکر سولار پروب"(2) را پرتاب کرد. این کشتی فضائی تا چهار میلیون مایلز به
خورشید نزدیک خواهد شد، که البته این کوتاهترین فاصلهای است که تا کنون انسان
توانسته است به این ستارهٔ آتشبار نزدیک شود.
Thursday, February 28, 2019
Survival of the Richest
Like a gilded coating
that makes the dullest things glitter, today’s thin veneer of political
populism covers a grotesque underbelly of growing inequality that’s hiding in
plain sight. And this phenomenon of ever more concentrated wealth and power has
both Newtonian and Darwinian components to it.
In terms of Newton’s first law of motion: those in power will remain in power unless
acted upon by an external force. Those who are wealthy will only gain in wealth
as long as nothing deflects them from their present course. As for Darwin, in
the world of financial evolution, those with wealth or power will do what’s in
their best interest to protect that wealth, even if it’s in no one else’s
interest at all.
Saturday, February 2, 2019
Venezuela Gets 'Ukrained'
By Finian Cunningham
February 01, 2019
February 01, 2019
US national security
advisor John Bolton tweeted cynically this week that he “wishes” Venezuelan
President Nicolas Maduro to take “retirement on a nice beach somewhere far
away”.
Meanwhile, in nastier tone, Washington and its Western allies have denigrated the Venezuelan government as a “mafia regime” and a “kleptocracy”.
These are all attempts to blackmail, intimidate and vandalize Venezuela into submitting to a criminal regime-change plan for the South American country.
Meanwhile, in nastier tone, Washington and its Western allies have denigrated the Venezuelan government as a “mafia regime” and a “kleptocracy”.
These are all attempts to blackmail, intimidate and vandalize Venezuela into submitting to a criminal regime-change plan for the South American country.
Thursday, January 31, 2019
شخصیت صادق هدایت
به جرات
میتوان گفت که هیچ داستان نویسی در ایران به قدرت و شجاعت صادق هدایت نتوانست نقاط
مثبت و منفی فرهنگ ایرانیان را به قلم بیاورد. هدایت که برای رشته ریاضیات به بلژیک
و دندان پزشکی به فرانسه، همراه گروهی از ایرانیانی که دولت برای تحصیل به اروپا میفرستاد
عازم این دو کشور شده بود، پس از آنکه درک کرد که علاقه او صرفا به ادبیات است، بدون
هیچ گونه عذر و بهانه و نگرانی از فشار دولت و خانواده ترک تحصیل کرد و به نویسندگی
پرداخت. او انسان آزادهای بود که زیر بار هیچ فشاری نمیرفت و سخنان خود را شجاعانه
بیان میکرد. این البته با فرهنگ سالوسی و همرنگ جماعت شدن اکثر ایرانیانِ دور و برش
تفاوت داشت، و بدین جهت دوستان او کسانی بودند که او را به درستی میشناختند و برای
افکارش احترام قائل بودند، حتی اگر مانند او نبودند. شخصی حاضر جواب بود و طنزی برخورنده،
و به مذاق عدهای زننده، داشت. گرچه بسیاری از دوستانش به دلیل این طنزش بدور او جمع
شده بودند. پیش از آنکه به فرانسه برود این زبان را در دبیرستان فرا گرفته بود و نوشتههای
فرانسه را به فارسی ترجمه میکرد. قرآن و بسیاری از کتب مذهبی را خوانده بود و بدین
دلیل مذهب اسلام را بخوبی میشناخت. انتقاد او از اسلام، و مذهب بطور عموم، در هر نوشتهاش مشخص است. از آنجائی
که به فرهنگ ایران پیش از اسلام عشق میورزید سفری به هند کرد و زبان پهلوی را آموخت.
نتیجهاش چند ترجمه از پهلوی به پارسیِ امروزه است. به دانش علمی، که به انگلیسی
به آن ساینس میگویند، علاقه داشت و گزارشات علمی را دنبال میکرد. آنچنان به زندگی
دلبسته بود که به هر چه علاقمند میشد در فراگیری آن کوشش میکرد. در اواخر عمر، در پی
یادگیری زبان روسی بود، که در نوشتههای آخرین او منعکس است. ولی شیفتگی او به فرهنگِ
پیش از اسلام بود، و این تنفرِ او را از اسلام و تظاهرات مذهبی و آخوندبازی بیش از
بیش میکرد. به قضا و قدر اعتقادی نداشت و حتی مرگ خود را با تصمیمگیری قبلی و هوشیاری
کامل انجام داد. اینکه او از زندگی مایوس بود و یا از نظر مالی در مضیقه بود و به
این دلیل خودکشی کرد، با توجه به توان و شخصیت هدایت مورد قبول به نظر نمیاید، و مشخصاً
زمانی به مرگ خود دست زد که به این نتیجه رسیده بود که زندگی پُربارش را به اتمام
رسانده بود. به این دلیل، پیش از مرگ تمام یادداشتهایش را سوزاند، چرا که آنها را قابل
خواندن توسط دیگران نمیدید، و ماموریتش را در
جهان تمام شده میانگاشت.
Sunday, January 27, 2019
Saturday, January 26, 2019
Before Venezuela, US had long involvement in Latin America
By The AP
January 25, 2019
Link: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/50966.htm
Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro accuses the United States of trying to orchestrate a coup against him, and that allegation has resonance among many in a region where Washington has a long history of interventions — military and otherwise.
Ever since President James Monroe announced a sort of protectorate over the hemisphere in the early 19th century known as the Monroe Doctrine, the United States has involved itself in the daily affairs of nations across Latin America, often on behalf of North American commercial interests or to support right-leaning forces against leftist leaders.
That military involvement petered out after the end of the Cold War, although the U.S. has been accused of granting at least tacit backing to coups in Venezuela in 2002 and Honduras in 2009.
The Trump's administration leading role in recognizing Juan Guaido as the interim president of Venezuela returns the U.S. to a more assertive role in Latin America than it has had for years.
Some of the most notable U.S. interventions in Latin America:
January 25, 2019
Link: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/50966.htm
Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro accuses the United States of trying to orchestrate a coup against him, and that allegation has resonance among many in a region where Washington has a long history of interventions — military and otherwise.
Ever since President James Monroe announced a sort of protectorate over the hemisphere in the early 19th century known as the Monroe Doctrine, the United States has involved itself in the daily affairs of nations across Latin America, often on behalf of North American commercial interests or to support right-leaning forces against leftist leaders.
That military involvement petered out after the end of the Cold War, although the U.S. has been accused of granting at least tacit backing to coups in Venezuela in 2002 and Honduras in 2009.
The Trump's administration leading role in recognizing Juan Guaido as the interim president of Venezuela returns the U.S. to a more assertive role in Latin America than it has had for years.
Some of the most notable U.S. interventions in Latin America:
Venezuela - The U.S. Game Plan For 'Regime Change' And How To Respond To It
By Moon Of Alabama
January 25, 2019
Link: https://www.moonofalabama.org/2019/01/venezuela-the-us-game-plan-and-how-to-respond-to-it.html
January 25, 2019
Link: https://www.moonofalabama.org/2019/01/venezuela-the-us-game-plan-and-how-to-respond-to-it.html
Yesterday the U.S.
recognized a right-wing 'leader of the opposition' in Venezuela Juan Guaido as
the president of the country. A number of right-wing led countries in South
America joined in that move. Cuba, Bolivia and Mexico rejected it. Russia,
China, Iran and Turkey continue to support the the government of the elected
President Nicolas Maduro and spoke out against the coup attempt. The European
Union has no united opinion with the neo-liberal led France being pro-coup and
Spain standing against it. Venezuela must prepare for a multi year conflict while doing
everything to keep it as short as possible.
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