واژه‌ها

با یک بررسی کلی‌ در واژه‌ها شاید بتوان به ماهیت و زمان پیدایش جستاری از پدیده‌ها پی برد. به عنوان مثال، همین “واژه” را در نظر بگیرید. آیا می‌توان به زمان آغاز و افول آن پی برد و آنرا زنده کرد؟ آیا “لغت” همان مفهوم واژه را دارد؟ پرسش دیگر اینکه از چه زمانی‌ واژه‌هایی را که میشناسیم متداول شدند؟ زبانشناسان معتقدند که گویش با ادای اصوات آغاز و پس از قرنها به شکل امروزی خود درآمده‌اند. یکی‌ از عوامل تغییر، البته هجوم اقوام و ملیتها بر ملیت خاصی، و تبدیل زبان آن ملیت به زبان مهاجم است. زمانی‌ که اعراب به ایران حمله کردند، زبان ایرانیان را نیز تغییر دادند. در طول تاریخ تلاشهای بسیاری شده که زبان پارسی‌ احیا شود. در زمان رضا شاه، گروهی از ایران دوستان، که از آن میان می‌توان از هدایت و نیما نام برد، به این امر پرداختند. آنها سازمانی به نام فرهنگستان به وجود آوردند. هدایت جزوه‌ای تحت عنوان فرهنگ و فرهنگستان نوشته است که به این موضوع می‌پردازد و نمونه‌هائی از واژه‌های ساخته شده این سازمان را می‌آورد، مثلا روزنامه به جای جریده و وزارتخانه به جای دارالوزرا و ساختمان به جای عمارت و آفتابه به جای لولهنگ!

"What China Will Be Like As A Great Power" : Martin Jacques Keynote (32n...

What is Fascism?

A lesson in Fascism, as it is in the corner of nations, or in the plain sight of many countries, with Richard Wolff:

American Taliban

Trump’s 2020 budget proposal seriously cuts the nation’s safety net

Link: https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18259789/trumps-2020-budget-proposal-cuts
By Tara Golshan

President Donald Trump’s administration unveiled its third budget proposal Monday, cementing a vision for the United States that bolsters funding for defense and border walls, while severely cutting social programs for the nation’s poorest.

The $4.7 trillion budget proposal, which encompasses everything from funding for food aid, education, and health care to national defense, seeks to slash $845 billion from Medicare — a program Trump notably promised to leave untouched — cut from Medicaid through major structural reforms, as well as a 9 percent cut across non-defense programs, all while increasing the defense budget to $750 billion, 5 percent more than the 2019 budget.

Is War With Iran on the Horizon?

Link: https://consortiumnews.com/2019/03/11/is-war-with-iran-on-the-horizon/

By Bob Dreyfuss

Here’s the foreign policy question of questions in 2019: Are President Donald Trump, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, all severely weakened at home and with few allies abroad, reckless enough to set off a war with Iran?

Could military actions designed to be limited — say, a heightening of the Israeli bombing of Iranian forces inside Syria, or possible U.S. cross-border attacks from Iraq, or a clash between American and Iranian naval ships in the Persian Gulf — trigger a wider war?

کاوُش‌های ستاره‌ای

تحقیقات جدید نشان میدهند که جریان نامنظم مواد در درون خورشید میتوانند دلیل لکه‌های خوشه‌ای باشند که بطور تصادفی در سطح خورشید دیده میشوند. به منظور مطالعهٔ گسترده‌تر در مورد خورشید، سازمان ناسا⁽¹⁾  در ۱۲ اوت سفینه "پارکر سولار پروب"⁽²⁾  را پرتاب کرد. این کشتی فضائی تا چهار میلیون مایلز به خورشید نزدیک خواهد شد، که البته این کوتاه‌ترین فاصله‌ای است که تا کنون انسان توانسته است به این ستارهٔ آتشبار نزدیک شود.

Survival of the Richest

Link: https://consortiumnews.com/2019/02/27/survival-of-the-richest/

By Nomi Prins

Like a gilded coating that makes the dullest things glitter, today’s thin veneer of political populism covers a grotesque underbelly of growing inequality that’s hiding in plain sight. And this phenomenon of ever more concentrated wealth and power has both Newtonian and Darwinian components to it.

In terms of Newton’s first law of motion: those in power will remain in power unless acted upon by an external force. Those who are wealthy will only gain in wealth as long as nothing deflects them from their present course. As for Darwin, in the world of financial evolution, those with wealth or power will do what’s in their best interest to protect that wealth, even if it’s in no one else’s interest at all.

Venezuela Gets 'Ukrained'

By Finian Cunningham

February 01, 2019

US national security advisor John Bolton tweeted cynically this week that he “wishes” Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro to take “retirement on a nice beach somewhere far away”.

Meanwhile, in nastier tone, Washington and its Western allies have denigrated the Venezuelan government as a “mafia regime” and a “kleptocracy”.

These are all attempts to blackmail, intimidate and vandalize Venezuela into submitting to a criminal regime-change plan for the South American country.

شخصیت صادق هدایت

به جرات می‌توان گفت که هیچ داستان نویسی در ایران به قدرت و شجاعت صادق هدایت نتوانست نقاط مثبت و منفی‌ فرهنگ ایرانیان را به قلم بیاورد. هدایت که برای رشته ریاضیات به بلژیک و دندان پزشکی‌ به فرانسه، همراه گروهی از ایرانیانی که دولت برای تحصیل به اروپا میفرستاد عازم این دو کشور شده بود، پس از آنکه درک کرد که علاقه او صرفا به ادبیات است، بدون هیچ گونه عذر و بهانه و نگرانی از فشار دولت و خانواده ترک تحصیل کرد و به نویسندگی پرداخت. او انسان آزاده‌ای بود که زیر بار هیچ فشاری نمیرفت و سخنان خود را شجاعانه بیان میکرد. این البته با فرهنگ سالوسی و همرنگ جماعت شدن اکثر ایرانیانِ دور و برش تفاوت داشت، و بدین جهت دوستان او کسانی‌ بودند که او را به درستی‌ میشناختند و برای افکارش احترام قائل بودند، حتی اگر مانند او نبودند. شخصی‌ حاضر جواب بود و طنزی برخورنده، و به مذاق عده‌ای زننده، داشت. گرچه بسیاری از دوستانش به دلیل این طنزش بدور او جمع شده بودند. پیش از آنکه به فرانسه برود این زبان را در دبیرستان فرا گرفته بود و نوشته‌های فرانسه را به فارسی ترجمه میکرد. قرآن و بسیاری از کتب مذهبی‌ را خوانده بود و بدین دلیل مذهب اسلام را بخوبی میشناخت. انتقاد او از اسلام، و مذهب بطور عموم، در هر نوشته‌اش مشخص است. از آنجائی که به فرهنگ ایران پیش از اسلام عشق میورزید سفری به هند کرد و زبان پهلوی را آموخت. نتیجه‌اش چند ترجمه از پهلوی به پارسیِ امروزه است. به دانش علمی‌، که به انگلیسی‌ به آن ساینس می‌گویند، علاقه داشت و گزارشات علمی‌ را دنبال میکرد. آنچنان به زندگی‌ دلبسته بود که به هر چه علاقمند میشد در فراگیری آن کوشش میکرد. در اواخر عمر، در پی یادگیری زبان روسی بود، که در نوشته‌های آخرین او منعکس است. ولی‌ شیفتگی‌ او به فرهنگِ پیش از اسلام بود، و این تنفرِ او را از اسلام و تظاهرات مذهبی‌ و آخوندبازی بیش از بیش میکرد. به قضا و قدر اعتقادی نداشت و حتی مرگ خود را با تصمیم‌گیری قبلی‌ و هوشیاری کامل انجام داد. اینکه او از زندگی‌ مایوس بود و یا از نظر مالی در مضیقه بود و به این دلیل خودکشی‌ کرد، با توجه به توان و شخصیت هدایت مورد قبول به نظر نمیاید، و مشخصاً زمانی‌ به مرگ خود دست زد که به این نتیجه رسیده بود که زندگی‌ پُربارش را به اتمام رسانده بود. به این دلیل، پیش از مرگ تمام یادداشتهایش را سوزاند، چرا که آنها را قابل خواندن توسط دیگران نمی‌دید، و ماموریتش را در جهان تمام شده می‌انگاشت.

عباس ميلانى، حسين مُهرى «خمينى، شاه، آمريکا، بريتانيا »، راديو صداى ايران؛

Before Venezuela, US had long involvement in Latin America

By The AP
January 25, 2019
Link: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/50966.htm


Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro accuses the United States of trying to orchestrate a coup against him, and that allegation has resonance among many in a region where Washington has a long history of interventions — military and otherwise.
Ever since President James Monroe announced a sort of protectorate over the hemisphere in the early 19th century known as the Monroe Doctrine, the United States has involved itself in the daily affairs of nations across Latin America, often on behalf of North American commercial interests or to support right-leaning forces against leftist leaders.
That military involvement petered out after the end of the Cold War, although the U.S. has been accused of granting at least tacit backing to coups in Venezuela in 2002 and Honduras in 2009.
The Trump's administration leading role in recognizing Juan Guaido as the interim president of Venezuela returns the U.S. to a more assertive role in Latin America than it has had for years.
Some of the most notable U.S. interventions in Latin America:

Venezuela - The U.S. Game Plan For 'Regime Change' And How To Respond To It

By Moon Of Alabama

January 25, 2019
Link: https://www.moonofalabama.org/2019/01/venezuela-the-us-game-plan-and-how-to-respond-to-it.html

 Yesterday the U.S. recognized a right-wing 'leader of the opposition' in Venezuela Juan Guaido as the president of the country. A number of right-wing led countries in South America joined in that move. Cuba, Bolivia and Mexico rejected it. Russia, China, Iran and Turkey continue to support the the government of the elected President Nicolas Maduro and spoke out against the coup attempt. The European Union has no united opinion with the neo-liberal led France being pro-coup and Spain standing against it. Venezuela must prepare for a multi year conflict while doing everything to keep it as short as possible.

Testing Theories of American Politics

Note: This is a copy of the online PDF version of the princeton printed copy of this article, which is not presented properly here. For reading original version of this interesting article, please refer to the following link:
https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/mgilens/files/gilens_and_page_2014_-testing_theories_of_american_politics.doc.pdf


Testing Theories of American Politics:
Elites, Interest Groups, and Average
Citizens
Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics—which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic-Elite Domination, and two types of interest-group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism—offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens;
economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented.
A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. We report on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues.

The United States is First in War, But Trailing in Crucial Aspects of Modern Civilization

By Lawrence S. WittnerJanuary 01, 2019

Link: http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/50860.htm

Maybe those delirious crowds chanting “USA, USA” have got something. When it comes to military power, the United States reigns supreme. Newsweek reported in March 2018: “The United States has the strongest military in the world,” with more than two million military personnel and vast numbers of the most advanced nuclear missiles, military aircraft, warships, tanks, and other modern weapons of war. Furthermore, as the New York Times noted, “the United States also has a global presence unlike any other nation, with about 200,000 active duty troops deployed in more than 170 countries.” This presence includes some 800 overseas U.S. military bases.

In 2017 (the last year for which global figures are available), the U.S. government accounted for more than a third of the world’s military expenditures, more than the next seven highest-spending countries combined. Not satisfied, however, President Trump and Congress pushed through a mammoth increase in the annual U.S. military budget in August 2018, raising it to $717 billion. Maintaining the U.S. status as “No. 1” in war and war preparations comes at a very high price.

Has Trump Been Outmaneuvered on Syria Troop Withdrawal?

By Senator Dick Black
January 3, 2019

Link: https://consortiumnews.com/2019/01/03/has-trump-been-outmaneuvered-on-syria-troop-withdrawal/

Trump’s possible backtracking on withdrawal from Syria means he may have been once again outmaneuvered by the Deep State, says Virginia State Senator Dick Black.

Following the outcry after President Donald Trump’s announcement that he was pulling U.S. troops from Syria, it appears that Trump may be succumbing to political pressure. U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham (R-SC) visited the White House on Dec. 30 and afterward told reporters:  “We talked about Syria. He told me some things I didn’t know that made me feel a lot better about where we’re headed in Syria,” Graham said.  Trump’s withdrawal plans are “slowing down in a smart way,” Graham said, according to NBC News.

The Washington Post added: ” ‘Graham described Trump’s decision as ‘a pause situation’ rather than a withdrawal, telling reporters, “I think the president’s taking this really seriously.”  Graham said: “He promised to destroy ISIS. He’s going to keep that promise. We’re not there yet. But as I said today, we’re inside the 10-yard line, and the president understands the need to finish the job.” 

Climate Change For Beginners

There have been many publications about climate change, each from a different point of view and for different audience. Some discuss it through an evolutionary process; and how the environment is different from what it would have been if it was not for the rapid effect of the global warming. Some others begin the discussion with the damage caused by fossil fuel and other forms of energy that increases CO2 level. And there are some who research and report changes on the earth as a result of mining. A small and short book that provides a basic knowledge about climate change and the roots of it bears the same title. It is in fact a disclosed document or an evidence for those who deny climate change and consider it a natural phenomenon that would not be affected by human’s negligence. The book is written for non-scientist readers, whether they acquire any knowledge of the subject or not, with simple an easy passages to understand and to follow the reasons for this phenomenon, as well as the future outcome. Each page contains some animations which emphasizes the point on that page, in addition to lightening up the serious subject matter. As it was mentioned, the book is called “Climate Change For Beginners” by Dean Goodwin, Ph.D. and illustrated by Joe Lee. It was first published in 2016.

چگونگی پیدایش قران

نوآوری‌های کیهانی

تحقیقات جدید نشان میدهند که جریان نامنظم مواد در درون خورشید میتوانند دلیل لکه‌های خوشه‌ای باشند که بطور تصادفی در سطح خورشید دیده میشوند. به منظور مطالعهٔ گسترده‌تر در مورد خورشید، سازمان ناسا در ۱۲ اوت سفینه "پارکر سولار پروب" را پرتاب کرد. این کشتی فضائی تا چهار میلیون مایلز به خورشید نزدیک خواهد شد، که البته این کوتاه‌ترین فاصله‌ای است که تا کنون انسان توانسته است به این ستارهٔ آتشبار نزدیک شود.

A Short History in Economy: By Professor Richard Wolfe

Economic Update: The Great American Purge